Subscribe to Dr. Claude Mariottini - Professor of Old Testament Subscribe in NewsGator Online

Tuesday, July 01, 2008

Resurrection: The Power of God for Christians and Jews


In the latest issue of The Christian Century, Walter Brueggemann, the emeritus professor of Old Testament at Columbia Theological Seminary in Decatur, Georgia, has an excellent review of the book Resurrection: The Power of God for Christians and Jews by Kevin J. Madigan and Jon D. Levenson (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2008).

The following is an excerpt from Brueggemann’s review:

In the present volume, Levenson reiterates much of the argument of that earlier book, only now the matter interfaces with Madigan's insistence that resurrection faith is central and nonnegotiable in the Christian tradition as well. The book opens with a recognition of resurrection as a key affirmation of the New Testament, then probes the Old Testament to find the sources of New Testament faith.

The focus in this discussion is on Sheol as a kind of quiet, gray warehouse where the dead go. Contrary to the common scholarly judgment that Sheol is a common destiny for all human persons, Madigan and Levenson make the case that not all the dead go there. Sheol smacks of punishment and is the continuation of an unfulfilled life. The righteous do not go to Sheol but are "enveloped in the blessing of God." Thus this study identifies two theologies in tension, one that sees Sheol as a common human destiny and one that makes an important distinction about the future for those attuned to God:
What happened with the biblical Sheol, it seems to us, is that the affirmation of faith in the omnipotent and rescuing God of Israel, against whom not even the most formidable enemies can ultimately stand, has collided with the brute fact of death. . . . Something had to give. What gave was not the faith in the limitless power of the Rock of Israel and their redeemer. What gave was death. . . . Death would remain universal, but not everyone who died would experience it as a plague. Sheol would remain pestilential, but not everyone who died would go there.

What gave was death! This is the burden of the book. Death had to yield, so say the texts, to the vigorous power of God, who wills life and who gives life marked by justice.

Brueggemann did such a great job in his review that he convinced me that I should buy this book and read it. Visit The Christian Century online and read Brueggemann’s review.

Click here to by the book from Amazon.com.

Claude Mariottini
Professor of Old Testament
Northern Baptist Seminary

Tag:

Bookmark and Share

Labels:

Thursday, May 22, 2008

A Mother and Her Seven Sons

Yesterday I posted a study on the mother of seven sons who became a symbol of the tragedy that came upon Jerusalem. In ancient Israel, being a mother of seven sons was considered to be a great blessing. Thus, being a mother of seven sons became a proverbial expression to describe a woman blessed by God.

There is a story in 2 Maccabees 7:1-40 about a mother and her seven sons who were martyred because of their faith in God and because of their commitment to the religious traditions of Judaism. The story reflects the persecution of the Jews under Antiochus IV.

The story of the mother and her seven sons is a beautiful story of faithful believers who loved their God. Since many people have never taken the time to read 2 Maccabees, I have decided to reproduce the story here. The text is taken from the New Revised Standard Version. Enjoy the story of the mother and her seven sons.

A Mother and Her Seven Sons (2 Maccabees 7:1-41)

It happened also that seven brothers and their mother were arrested and were being compelled by the king, under torture with whips and thongs, to partake of unlawful swine's flesh. 2 One of them, acting as their spokesman, said, "What do you intend to ask and learn from us? For we are ready to die rather than transgress the laws of our ancestors." 3 The king fell into a rage, and gave orders to have pans and caldrons heated. 4 These were heated immediately, and he commanded that the tongue of their spokesman be cut out and that they scalp him and cut off his hands and feet, while the rest of the brothers and the mother looked on. 5 When he was utterly helpless, the king ordered them to take him to the fire, still breathing, and to fry him in a pan. The smoke from the pan spread widely, but the brothers and their mother encouraged one another to die nobly, saying, 6 "The Lord God is watching over us and in truth has compassion on us, as Moses declared in his song that bore witness against the people to their faces, when he said, 'And he will have compassion on his servants.'"

7 After the first brother had died in this way, they brought forward the second for their sport. They tore off the skin of his head with the hair, and asked him, "Will you eat rather than have your body punished limb by limb?" 8 He replied in the language of his ancestors and said to them, "No." Therefore he in turn underwent tortures as the first brother had done. 9 And when he was at his last breath, he said, "You accursed wretch, you dismiss us from this present life, but the King of the universe will raise us up to an everlasting renewal of life, because we have died for his laws." 10 After him, the third was the victim of their sport. When it was demanded, he quickly put out his tongue and courageously stretched forth his hands, 11 and said nobly, "I got these from Heaven, and because of his laws I disdain them, and from him I hope to get them back again." 12 As a result the king himself and those with him were astonished at the young man's spirit, for he regarded his sufferings as nothing.

13 After he too had died, they maltreated and tortured the fourth in the same way. 14 When he was near death, he said, "One cannot but choose to die at the hands of mortals and to cherish the hope God gives of being raised again by him. But for you there will be no resurrection to life!" 15 Next they brought forward the fifth and maltreated him. 16 But he looked at the king, and said, "Because you have authority among mortals, though you also are mortal, you do what you please. But do not think that God has forsaken our people. 17 Keep on, and see how his mighty power will torture you and your descendants!"

18 After him they brought forward the sixth. And when he was about to die, he said, "Do not deceive yourself in vain. For we are suffering these things on our own account, because of our sins against our own God. Therefore astounding things have happened. 19 But do not think that you will go unpunished for having tried to fight against God!" 20 The mother was especially admirable and worthy of honorable memory. Although she saw her seven sons perish within a single day, she bore it with good courage because of her hope in the Lord. 21 She encouraged each of them in the language of their ancestors. Filled with a noble spirit, she reinforced her woman's reasoning with a man's courage, and said to them, 22 "I do not know how you came into being in my womb. It was not I who gave you life and breath, nor I who set in order the elements within each of you. 23 Therefore the Creator of the world, who shaped the beginning of humankind and devised the origin of all things, will in his mercy give life and breath back to you again, since you now forget yourselves for the sake of his laws."

24 Antiochus felt that he was being treated with contempt, and he was suspicious of her reproachful tone. The youngest brother being still alive, Antiochus not only appealed to him in words, but promised with oaths that he would make him rich and enviable if he would turn from the ways of his ancestors, and that he would take him for his Friend and entrust him with public affairs. 25 Since the young man would not listen to him at all, the king called the mother to him and urged her to advise the youth to save himself. 26 After much urging on his part, she undertook to persuade her son. 27 But, leaning close to him, she spoke in their native language as follows, deriding the cruel tyrant: "My son, have pity on me. I carried you nine months in my womb, and nursed you for three years, and have reared you and brought you up to this point in your life, and have taken care of you. 28 I beg you, my child, to look at the heaven and the earth and see everything that is in them, and recognize that God did not make them out of things that existed. And in the same way the human race came into being. 29 Do not fear this butcher, but prove worthy of your brothers. Accept death, so that in God's mercy I may get you back again along with your brothers."

30 While she was still speaking, the young man said, "What are you waiting for? I will not obey the king's command, but I obey the command of the law that was given to our ancestors through Moses. 31 But you, who have contrived all sorts of evil against the Hebrews, will certainly not escape the hands of God. 32 For we are suffering because of our own sins. 33 And if our living Lord is angry for a little while, to rebuke and discipline us, he will again be reconciled with his own servants. 34 But you, unholy wretch, you most defiled of all mortals, do not be elated in vain and puffed up by uncertain hopes, when you raise your hand against the children of heaven. 35 You have not yet escaped the judgment of the almighty, all-seeing God. 36 For our brothers after enduring a brief suffering have drunk of ever-flowing life, under God's covenant; but you, by the judgment of God, will receive just punishment for your arrogance. 37 I, like my brothers, give up body and life for the laws of our ancestors, appealing to God to show mercy soon to our nation and by trials and plagues to make you confess that he alone is God, 38 and through me and my brothers to bring to an end the wrath of the Almighty that has justly fallen on our whole nation."

39 The king fell into a rage, and handled him worse than the others, being exasperated at his scorn. 40 So he died in his integrity, putting his whole trust in the Lord. 41 Last of all, the mother died, after her sons.

This story was very popular among Jews and Christians because the experience of the woman and her seven sons gave meaning to the persecution they suffered because of their faith. The belief in the resurrection from the dead (see 7:9, 11, 14 and also the mother’s words in 7:23) provided the martyrs with the hope that allowed them to remain faithful until the end.

Claude Mariottini
Professor of Old Testament
Northern Baptist Seminary

Tags: , , ,

Bookmark and Share

Labels: , , ,

Thursday, February 07, 2008

N. T. Wright’s View of Heaven

N. T. Wright, Jim West’s favorite theologian, said in an interview with Time that the common view of heaven held by most Christians is a “distortion and serious diminution of Christian hope.”

Quoting John Polkinghorne, Wright said that at the resurrection, “God will download our software into his hardware until the time he gives us new hardware to run the software again for ourselves.”

Very profound!

Read Wright’s interview with Time by clicking here.

Claude Mariottini
Professor of Old Testament
Northern Baptist Seminary

Tags: , , ,

Labels: , , ,

Wednesday, May 09, 2007

The Death of Death

Note: the following is a short version of a sermon preached at Trinity Baptist Church on Easter Sunday 2007.

The Death of Death

Elizabeth Kubler-Ross was a therapist who worked with people who were facing death. In one of her books, Kubler-Ross mentioned the story of a child, an 8-year-old boy, who was dying with a brain tumor. She asked him to draw a picture that would describe his situation.

The boy drew a picture of a house, some trees, and the sun hiding behind a mountain. The events in the picture reflected what was taking place at sunset. In front of the house there was an army tank and in front of the tank there was a sign with the word: “STOP.” This picture reflected the child’s fear of death and his inability to stop it.

Many years ago, when I was the pastor of a church in California, a faithful and committed member of my church died. That aged woman had been a member of the church for many years and was loved by all. The wake service was a time of celebration: people were singing and praising God for her life.

The grandchildren of the woman were very upset. They were angry because the members of the church were singing and not crying. They just could not understand the real meaning of the death of a believer.

At the cemetery, after the brief service of Scripture reading and prayer, the grandchildren demanded that the casket be opened so they could say good-bye to their grandmother one last time. The reason for their action was because, they said, they would never see her again.

Why are so many people afraid of death? Some people are afraid of death because they are not sure whether there is life after death. They want to enjoy life now, as much as possible, because they do not know what will come next.

Some people are afraid of death because they know that there is life after death and they are not prepared to meet God. Other people are afraid of death because they know there is a judgement and they know they will be found guilty.

A study was conducted about religion and people’s attitude toward death. The result of this study is very revealing. The study revealed that if a person is religious, the less religious that person is, the greater the fear of death. The study also revealed that the more religious a person is, the less fear that person has of dying. The study showed that most atheists do not fear death because for them life ends at the time of death.

The resurrection of Christ is the good news that God in Christ has conquered death. Hebrews 2:14-15 says: “Since the children have flesh and blood, he too shared in their humanity so that by his death he might destroy him who holds the power of death–that is, the devil–and free those who all their lives were held in slavery by their fear of death.”

The work of Christ was to free those who were held in slavery because of their fear of death. The resurrection of Christ is the believer’s victory over death.

Although Christ conquered death, people today are still afraid of death. To deal with this fear, people have developed different reasons to dispel the fear of death. These are some of the reasons people give in dealing with the fear of death:

“There is no life after death, so I don’t have to fear death.”
“There is no God, so I don’t fear death.”
“There is no hell, so I don’t have to fear death and judgment.”
“In the end God will save everybody, so I don’t have to fear death.”

But death is real. God told Adam about the consequence of disobedience: “You must not eat from the tree of the knowledge of good and evil, for when you eat of it you will surely die” (Genesis 2:17). It is sin that has made death so frightening. It is disobedience that gave sin its destructive power and created the fear of dying. People who understand the frailty of their lives and are confronted with the reality of their mortality, fear death.

According to Hebrews 2:9, this is the reason Jesus became a human being. The writer says that Jesus suffered death so that by the grace of God he might taste death for everyone. This is the same message of Hebrews 2:14-15: Jesus became a human being and died so that by his death he might destroy him who holds the power of death and deliver all those people who fear death. And here is the irony: Jesus destroyed the power of death by dying on the cross. The death of death came through the death of Christ.

The Bible portrays death as an enemy. Death entered the world because of sin. Death was never God’s purpose for his creation, thus, the presence of death shows the reality of sin. But death is contrary to God’s will. God wants every individual to have life, eternal life.

Jesus came to break the power of death, he came to deal with the fear of dying. Jesus died to overcome a common enemy: death. It is the resurrection of Christ that breaks the power of death. Death came through one man. The death of death also came through one man: Jesus. As Paul said: “In Adam all die, in Christ all will be made alive” (1 Corinthians 15:22).

In 1 Corinthians 15:50-57 Paul teaches that human nature cannot lead people into the kingdom of God. Every human being, sooner or later, must die. But Paul describes something wonderful. He speaks of a mystery that even today, many people cannot fully understand. He says that one day those who have died in Christ will get up from their graves, free from the reach of death, never to die again.

“Then the saying will come true: Death has been swallowed by triumphant Life! Who got the last word, oh, Death? Oh, Death, who's afraid of you now?” (1 Corinthians 15:55).

"Where, O death, is your victory?”

There is no more victory for death, for the death of Christ brought the death of death.

Claude Mariottini
Professor of Old Testament
Northern Baptist Seminary

Tags: , ,

Labels: , ,